Assignment 16 Research and Inspiration

   This info graphic timeline inspires e because of the layout. The controller on the bottom is sending out a signal wave to the different times of the history of RX toys. I also like hoe the text are in different colors . The arrows on the top row leading to the 4 different times is very useful rather than creating a new line each.


   For Assignment 16, the class will be each creating a informational graphic history time line about the history of visual communications or anything related to that subject. We will be incorporating unity/variety and rhythm. we wouldn't want the audience to be confused.

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?
   A calculating tool used primarily in parts of AsiaIn 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer?
   Freely ProgrammablePost a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.

In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
   They were used for the Navy for gunnery and for ballistic calculation.Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? 
   The Census Bureau
What does UNIVAC stand for?
   Universal Automatic ComputerIn 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
   International Business Machine
What is FORTRAN?
   Formula Translating System

Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
   He created the mouse.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
   It was the first internet to protect the flow of information between military installations.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? 

Post a photo of it.
   They introduced The first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
   They created the floppy disk.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
   They created the first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.




Altair














Apple I


















Apple II


















TRS-80
















Commodore PET


















In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
   He introduced the MS-DOS Computer operating system.Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
   Apple
What is GUI?
   It stands for Graphical User InterfacePost a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
  The apple MACINTOSH
The commercial only ran one time. When?
   During the 1984 Superbowl on January 22.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
   They introduced the Windows Operating System.
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
   Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
   On November 12, 1990
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
   An easter egg is a game or joke hidden within applications.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
   We will be able to make robotics more enhanced had have super "minds within the system to further our searches on the mystery of life.

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
   They were illustrated with engravings.
What is a camera obscura?
   A way to observe light.






How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
   They used it to observe sola eclipses. Artists used it to paint and trace outside scenes.
From where did the photographic camera develop?
   The portable box.
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
   John Hershal. It is from the Greek words light and writing.

Post an the first photograph.  
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
   Joseph Niepce

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
   Louis Daguerre. It was faster and could be made permanent. However it couldn't be reproduced.









Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
   William Fox Talbot. It's quality was inferior to the other processes. But, an unlimited amount of duplicates could be made.

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
   Frederick Scott Archer. It was faster and cheaper. Unfortunately, it was inconvenient to have to carry around the "dark room".

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
   Richard Maddox. This process had all the advantages of the wet plate process, but rid it of it's disadvantages.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
   The man who made photography more easily accessible by the public. He invented roll film. Eastman Kodak Company.

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
   He made the camera cheap and easy to use. 
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
   Patenting light filters and instant photography. Poloraoid Corporation. 

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
   Sixty Seconds.
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
   Helped developed a way to capture motion using cameras.Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?   A device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion.

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?   He used a large line of cameras in a line and took pictures of the horse moving.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
   Individual images to be captured and stored on a single reel film.

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?
   A machine that, when light is shone through the screen, magnifies the image and can be shown on the screen.

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
   Christopher Sholes
What is a "stenographer"?
   A court reporter


Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
   He noticed that stenographers would be likely to use this the most.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
   He realized that this type was not solving all of his problems.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
   Ottmar MerganthalerWhat is meant by "typesetting"?

   The different types of fonts or texts.


Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
   The allows the type to be set mechanically rather than hand. How did this machine change the newspaper industry?

   This made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages.












Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
   They have different keys for uppercase, lowercase, and symbols rather than a shift key.














Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
   Molds for letter forms assembled in a line.


















Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

   This allows for faster type.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
   He was credited with the invention of the printing press.






How did the printing press work? 
   Ink was placed in moveable type letters that were placed in a wooden box. The ink covered letters were then pressed onto  sheets of paper.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
   Watching his family work on goldsmiths and jewelers.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?   Wood press was chipped a lot and had to be replaced after each use.





















What is moveable type?
   System of printing that uses moveable component to remake the letters of the document.

What is a matrix?
   A inclosed space used to create the letters multiple times.
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
   Oil based ink. Made with oily, varnish like ink made with soot, turpentine, and walnut oil.
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
   It is made from wood pulp. In China.




What is a "substrate"?
   A surface or layer that underlies something.
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?    He sought out John Fust. Fust sued Gutenberg for the money.

What was the first book he printed?
   The first book printed was a two-volume Bible.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
   Perfected script, books were made more rapidly, and current information could be shared locally around the world.

Who introduced the printing press to England?
   William Caxton.
What was the early form of newspapers?
   Trade newsletters.
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
   1704 it was called the Boston Letter.
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?

   Lord Stanhope had built the first cast iron press.
   

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
  How many pages could be created.
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?

   Relief Printing. Moveable type was placed onto the press. Ink is placed on the type and the paper is placed on top. The press applies the direct pressure to transfer the ink.









What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? 
   This is printmaking. Images are etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied and a clot is used to remove excess ink. Damp paper is placed on top and is pressed down.

What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?   Porous is a basic stencil process. A image carrier is attached to a screen. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.


















What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
   Lithography is printing from a flat surface. Drawings are made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon Water is then applied. When ink is spread on top, the greasy pats accept the ink: the wet part do not.






















What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
   Offset Lithography.
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
   The concept of using etched letters from metal are still used and ink is still used.

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?

This uses the colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.